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Summary. Humanity is now the dominant force driving changes of Earth's atmospheric composition and thus future climate (1). The principal climate forcing is carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel emissions, much of which will remain in the atmosphere for millennia (1, 2). The climate response to this forcing and society's response to climate change are complicated by the system's inertia, mainly due to the ocean and the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica. This inertia causes climate to appear to respond slowly to this human-made forcing, but further long-lasting responses may be locked in. We use Earth’s measured energy imbalance and paleoclimate data, along with simple, accurate representations of the global carbon cycle and temperature, to define emission reductions needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous impacts on young people, future generations, and nature. We find that global CO2 emissions reduction of about 6%/year is needed, along with massive reforestation.
Governments have recognized the need to limit emissions to avoid dangerous human made climate change, as formalized in the Framework Convention on Climate Change (3), but only a few nations have made substantial progress in reducing emissions. The stark reality (4) is that global emissions are accelerating and new efforts are underway to massively expand fossil fuel extraction, by oil drilling to increasing ocean depths, into the Arctic, and onto environmentally fragile public lands; squeezing of oil from tar sands and tar shale; hydrofracking to expand extraction of natural gas; and increased mining of coal via mechanized longwall mining and mountain-top removal.
Fig. P1. CO2 emissions by fossil fuels (1 ppm CO2 ~ 2.12 GtC). Estimated reserves and potentially recoverable resources are from EIA (9) and GAC (10).
Governments not only allow this activity, but use public funds to subsidize fossil fuels at a rate of 400-500 billion US$ per year (5). Nor are fossil fuels required to pay their costs to society. Air and water pollution from extraction and burning of fossil fuels kills more than 1,000,000 people per year and affects the health of billions of people (6). But the greatest costs to society are likely to be the impacts of climate change, which are already apparent and are expected to grow considerably (7, 8).
Fossil fuel emissions to date are only a small fraction of potential emissions from known reserves and potentially recoverable resources (Fig. P1). Although there are uncertainties in reserves and resources, ongoing fossil fuel subsidies and continuing technological advances ensure that more and more of these fuels will be economically recoverable.
Burning all fossil fuels would create a very different planet than the one that humanity knows. The paleoclimate record and ongoing climate change make it clear that the climate system would be pushed beyond tipping points, setting in motion irreversible changes, including ice sheet disintegration with a continually adjusting shoreline, extermination of a substantial fraction of species on the planet, and increasingly devastating regional climate extremes.
Earth's paleoclimate history helps us assess levels of global temperature consistent with maintaining a planet resembling that to which civilization is adapted, for example, avoiding sea level rise of many meters. Earth's measured energy imbalance during a time of minimum solar irradiance, with Earth absorbing more solar energy than the heat energy it radiates to space, confirms the dominant effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on global temperature (11) and allows us to determine fossil fuel emission reductions needed to restore Earth's energy balance, which is the basic requirement for stabilizing climate.
Failure to achieve the global emissions reduction would have devastating consequences, as climate is nearing critical tipping points that could cause: loss of Arctic sea ice with detrimental effects on wildlife and indigenous people, Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet disintegration with accelerating sea level rise, reduced freshwater supplies for hundreds of millions of people, and a more intense water cycle with stronger droughts and forest fires, but also heavier rains and floods, and stronger storms driven by latent heat, including tropical storms, tornados and thunderstorms. Accelerating climate change is now the greatest threat to the millions of species on Earth, with half or more at risk of extermination. We cannot assign blame for extermination of a specific species on a specific power plant, but the numbers are such that the emissions in the 50-75 years of operation of a large new coal-fired power plant without CO2 capture would be a dagger in the heart of at least dozens of species.
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a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University Earth Institute, New York, NY 10025, b Stockholm Environment Institute-US Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, c Department of Environmental Studies, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, NC, d Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia, e Faculty of Law, University of British Columbia, Canada, f National Religious Coalition on Creation Care, Santa Rosa, CA 95407-6828, g Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, and Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, UK, h Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany, i Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Sweden, j School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, k Columbia University Earth Institute, New York, NY 10027, l University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, m Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, n Advisory Board, Center for Health and Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, o Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LOCEAN, Paris (hosted by Ifremer, Brest), France, p Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Santa Cruz.
LABELS: CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, GISS, GLOBAL WARMING, JAMES HANSEN, JEFFREY SACHS, NASA, POLICY, SCIENCE
